Ọgwụgwọ nke mmiri mkpofu nwere acid

Mmiri mkpofu acidic bụ mmiri mkpofu nke nwere pH na-erughị 6. Dịka ụdị na njupụta dị iche iche nke asịd si dị, enwere ike kewaa mmiri mkpofu acidic n'ime mmiri mkpofu acid inorganic na mmiri mkpofu acid organic. Mmiri mkpofu acid siri ike na mmiri mkpofu acid na-adịghị ike; Mmiri mkpofu Monoacid na mmiri mkpofu polyacid; Mmiri mkpofu acid dị ala na mmiri mkpofu acid dị elu. Ọtụtụ mgbe, mmiri mkpofu acidic, na mgbakwunye na inwe ụfọdụ asịd, na-enwekarị ion metal dị arọ na nnu ha na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ. Mmiri mkpofu acidic sitere na ọtụtụ ebe, gụnyere mmiri ogbunigwe, hydrometallurgy, ígwè rolling, ọgwụgwọ acid surface nke ígwè na ọla ndị na-abụghị ferrous, ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, mmepụta acid, agba, electrolysis, electroplating, eriri artificial na ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Mmiri mkpofu acidic a na-ahụkarị bụ mmiri mkpofu acid sulfuric, nke sochiri ya bụ hydrochloric acid na mmiri mkpofu nitric acid. Kwa afọ, China na-achọ iwepụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu nde cubic mita nke asịd mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ, ọ bụrụ na a na-ewepụ mmiri mkpofu ndị a ozugbo na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ, ọ ga-emebi paịpụ, mebie ihe ubi, mebie azụ, mebie ụgbọ mmiri, ma bibie ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. A ga-eji mmiri mkpofu acid nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe mee ihe ka o wee ruo n'ọkwa mba tupu a wụpụ ya, a ga-emegharị mmiri mkpofu acid ma jiri ya mee ihe ọzọ. Mgbe a na-agwọ acid mkpofu ahụ, a ga-ahọrọ ụzọ ndị a gụnyere ọgwụgwọ nnu, usoro ntinye uche, usoro neutralization kemịkalụ, usoro mwepụ, usoro resin mgbanwe ion, usoro nkewa akpụkpọ ahụ, wdg.

1. imegharị ihe nnu

Ihe a na-akpọ nnu a na-esi n'ime mmiri nnu apụta bụ iji nnukwu mmiri nnu a na-etinye n'ime mmiri nnu a na-etinye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha na ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime acid mkpofu. Agbanyeghị, usoro a ga-emepụta hydrochloric acid ma metụta mgbake na ojiji nke sulfuric acid na acid mkpofu, yabụ a mụrụ ụzọ esi etinye nnu na ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha na ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime acid mkpofu site na iji sodium bisulphate saturated solution.
Asịd mkpofu ahụ nwere sulfuric acid na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị iche iche, nke bụkarị obere 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 sulfonic acid na ụdị isomer dị iche iche na-abụghị 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid nke toluene mepụtara n'usoro sulfonation, chlorination na nitrification. Usoro nnupụta bụ iji nnukwu mmiri nnu juru eju iji mee ka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndị dị ndụ dị na acid mkpofu ahụ pụta ìhè. Usoro imegharị nnu nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị iwepụ ihe ndị dị ndụ dị iche iche na acid mkpofu ahụ, kamakwa weghachite sulfuric acid iji tinye ya na mmepụta okirikiri ahụ, na-echekwa ọnụ ahịa na ike.

2. Usoro ịcha anụ

A na-eji usoro ịcha anụ eme ihe na acid na-agbanwe agbanwe dị ka hydrochloric acid, nke a na-ekewapụ site na ngwọta ahụ site na ịcha anụ iji nweta mmetụta mgbake.

3. Usoro nkewapụ kemịkalụ

Mmeghachi omume nke isi acid-base nke H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O bụkwa ihe dị mkpa maka ọgwụgwọ nke mmiri mkpofu nwere acid. Ụzọ ndị a na-ejikarị agwọ mmiri mkpofu nwere acid gụnyere nkwụsịtụ na imegharị ihe, nkwụsịtụ nke mmiri mkpofu nke acid-base, nkwụsịtụ ọgwụ, nkwụsịtụ nzacha, wdg. N'oge mbụ nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ígwè na ígwè na China, ọtụtụ n'ime ha jiri usoro nkwụsịtụ acid-base gwọọ mmiri mkpofu nke hydrochloric acid na sulfuric acid pickling, nke mere na uru pH ruru ọkọlọtọ mwepụ. Sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium hydroxide, limestone ma ọ bụ lime dị ka ihe eji eme ka nkwụsịtụ acid-base, ojiji izugbe dị ọnụ ala, dị mfe ime lime.

4. Usoro mwepụta

Mwepụta mmiri mmiri, nke a makwaara dị ka mwepụ ihe mgbaze, bụ ọrụ otu nke na-eji ọdịiche dị na mmiri mmiri dị na mmiri ihe eji emepụta ihe na ihe mgbaze kwesịrị ekwesị iji nweta nkewa. N'ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu nwere acid, ọ dị mkpa ime ka mmiri mkpofu nwere acid na ihe mgbaze organic metụ aka nke ọma, ka ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha dị na acid mkpofu ahụ wee banye na ihe mgbaze ahụ. Ihe achọrọ maka ihe mgbaze bụ:(1) maka acid mkpofu anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, anaghị emeghachi omume na acid mkpofu ahụ n'ụzọ kemịkalụ, ọ naghịkwa agbaze na acid mkpofu ahụ; (2) Ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha dị na acid mkpofu nwere oke nkewa na ihe na-ewepụta ihe na sulfuric acid; (3) Ọnụahịa ahụ dị ọnụ ala ma dị mfe inweta; (4) Ọ dị mfe ikewapụ na ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha, obere mfu mgbe a na-ewepụ ha. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere benzene (toluene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene), phenols (creosote crude diphenol), halogenated hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, dichloroethane), isopropyl ether na N-503.

5. usoro resin mgbanwe ion

Isi ihe dị mkpa nke ịgwọ mmiri mkpofu acid organic site na resin mgbanwe ion bụ na ụfọdụ resin mgbanwe ion nwere ike ịmịkọrọ acid organic site na mmiri mkpofu acid ma wepụ acid inorganic na nnu metal iji nweta nkewa nke acids na nnu dị iche iche.

6. usoro nkewa akpụkpọ ahụ

Maka mmiri mkpofu acidic, enwere ike iji usoro ọgwụgwọ membrane dịka dialysis na electrodialysis. Mgbake membrane nke acid mkpofu na-agbasokarị ụkpụrụ dialysis, nke na-adabere na ọdịiche njupụta. Ngwaọrụ ahụ dum nwere membrane dialysis mgbasa, efere nnyefe mmiri mmiri, efere nkwado, etiti efere mmiri mmiri, wdg, ma na-enweta mmetụta nkewa site na ikewapụ ihe ndị dị na mmiri mkpofu.

7. usoro mkpuchi kristal jụrụ oyi

Usoro mkpuchi kristal oyi bụ ụzọ isi belata okpomọkụ nke ihe ngwọta ahụ ma mee ka ihe mgbaze ahụ gbapụta. A na-eji ya eme ihe n'usoro ọgwụgwọ acid mkpofu ka ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha dị na acid mkpofu ahụ jụọ oyi iji weghachite ihe mgbaze acid nke na-emezu ihe achọrọ ma enwere ike iji ya mee ihe ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, acid sulfuric mkpofu a na-ewepụ site na usoro ịsacha acyl nke igwe mpịachi nwere nnukwu ferrous sulfate, nke a na-agwọ site na usoro nhazi-crystallization na nzacha. Mgbe ewepụsịrị ferrous sulfate site na nzacha, enwere ike iweghachi acid ahụ na usoro ịtụtụ ígwè maka iji ya na-aga n'ihu.

Nchikota kristal oyi nwere ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nke a na-egosi ebe a site na usoro ịcha mkpụrụ n'ime nhazi ígwè. N'usoro nhazi ígwè na igwe, a na-ejikarị mmiri sulfuric acid ewepụ nchara n'elu ígwè ahụ. Ya mere, imegharị acid mkpofu nwere ike ibelata ọnụ ahịa nke ukwuu ma chebe gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-eji kristal oyi eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ iji mezuo usoro a.

8. Usoro oxidation

A na-eji usoro a eme ihe kemgbe ogologo oge, isi ihe dị na ya bụ ịgbari ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha dị n'ime acid sulfuric efu site n'aka ndị na-eme ka ihe dị ọcha dị n'okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị, ka e wee nwee ike ịgbanwe ya ka ọ bụrụ carbon dioxide, mmiri, nitrogen oxides, wdg, ma kewapụ ya na sulfuric acid, ka e wee nwee ike ịsacha ma weghachite acid sulfuric efu. Ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị ọcha bụ hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, perchloric acid, hypochlorous acid, nitrate, ozone na ndị ọzọ. Ihe na-eme ka ihe dị ọcha dị iche iche nwere uru na oke ya.